Pennsylvania, with its diverse landscapes and climates, is home to a wide variety of spider species. From the innocent-looking cellar spiders to the more fearsome-looking wolf spiders, understanding the different types of spiders in PA can be both fascinating and reassuring for those who fear these eight-legged creatures. This guide will delve into the world of spiders found in Pennsylvania, covering their identification, habits, and whether they pose a threat to humans.
Introduction to Spider Diversity in PA
Pennsylvania’s spider fauna is incredibly diverse, with over 400 species identified within the state. These range from the tiny jumping spiders, which can leap great distances relative to their size, to the large and imposing fishing spiders, which can skate across water with ease. Despite their fearsome reputation, most spiders are harmless to humans and play a crucial role in the ecosystem by controlling insect populations.
Common Spider Types in Pennsylvania
Cellar Spiders (Phalangiidae Family): Often found in basements and dark corners, cellar spiders are recognized by their small size, pale color, and the characteristic irregular, messy webs they construct. They are completely harmless to humans.
Wolf Spiders (Lycosidae Family): Large, hairy, and fast, wolf spiders are often mistaken for tarantulas due to their size and appearance. They are active hunters and do not use webs to catch prey. Wolf spiders are generally harmless but can deliver a painful bite if threatened.
Black Widow Spiders (Latrodectus mactans): One of the most recognizable and feared spiders, the black widow is identified by its black body with a distinctive red hourglass shape on its abdomen. Black widow venom is toxic but rarely fatal to humans. They are not common in PA but can be found in warmer areas.
Brown Recluse Spiders (Loxosceles reclusa): Though more common in the Midwest, the brown recluse can occasionally be found in Pennsylvania. It is identified by a distinctive violin-shaped mark on its body. The venom of the brown recluse can cause significant skin lesions and systemic symptoms, but sightings in PA are exceedingly rare.
Jumping Spiders (Salticidae Family): Small to medium in size, jumping spiders are known for their vibrant colors and impressive jumping ability. They are active hunters and can often be found on walls, windows, and other surfaces. Completely harmless to humans, they are actually quite fascinating to watch.
Fishing Spiders (Dolomedes tenebrosus): Also known as dock spiders, these large spiders are often found near water. They can “skate” across the surface of the water and feed on aquatic insects and even small fish. Their bite can be painful but is not dangerous to humans.
Barn Spiders (Araneus cavaticus): Known for their impressive orb webs, barn spiders are common in Pennsylvania. They are harmless to humans and play a significant role in controlling insect populations.
Identification Guide
When trying to identify a spider, consider the following factors: - Body and Leg Coloration: Many spiders have distinctive color patterns that can aid in identification. - Web Type: The type of web a spider spins can be a significant clue. For example, orb webs are circular and symmetrical, while cobwebs are irregular and messy. - Size and Shape: The size and overall shape of the spider, including the length of its legs and the shape of its abdomen, can be crucial for identification. - Habitat: Where the spider is found (e.g., in water, on walls, in corners) can provide clues about its identity.
Safety and Spider Bites
While most spiders in Pennsylvania are harmless, there are a few species whose bites can cause medical issues. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are of particular concern, though encounters with these spiders are rare in PA. If you suspect you’ve been bitten by one of these spiders, it’s essential to seek medical attention.
Conclusion
The world of spiders in Pennsylvania is vast and fascinating, with species ranging from the benign to the potentially harmful. By understanding and appreciating these creatures, we can better coexist with them and recognize the valuable role they play in our ecosystem. Whether you’re a seasoned arachnologist or just someone looking to learn more about the spiders in your backyard, Pennsylvania offers a diverse and intriguing array of species to explore.
FAQ Section
What is the most venomous spider in Pennsylvania?
+The black widow spider is considered the most venomous spider in Pennsylvania, though encounters are rare. Their venom can cause significant pain, muscle cramps, and breathing difficulties, but fatalities are extremely rare.
How do I prevent spiders from entering my home?
+Sealing all cracks and crevices around your home, keeping it clean and clutter-free, and reducing moisture can help deter spiders. Regularly vacuuming, especially in areas where spiders are commonly found, and removing webs as soon as they appear can also help prevent spiders from making themselves at home.
Are all spiders in Pennsylvania harmful?
+No, the vast majority of spiders in Pennsylvania are harmless to humans. Most spiders are beneficial, helping to control insect populations and maintain the balance of the ecosystem.
